LIFO stands for "Last In, First Out" and refers to a method of data storage and retrieval in which the last item added to a collection is the first one to be removed. It's a concept used in computer science, data structures, and algorithms, and it's commonly used to implement Stack data structures.

In LIFO, elements are pushed onto the top of the stack, and the last element added is the first one to be popped off the top. The LIFO method is useful in many applications, such as reversing the order of elements, processing elements in the order they were received, and creating an undo functionality in software applications.

https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/lifo-last-in-first-out-approach-in-programming/

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3DIWQ74f2ot7E

The DRY (Don't Repeat Yourself) principle is a software development principle that states that every piece of knowledge should have a single, unambiguous representation within a system. In other words, it aims to minimize duplication of information in a codebase by making sure that the same information is represented only once. This leads to more maintainable and scalable code, as any change only needs to be made in one place, reducing the risk of bugs and inconsistencies.

The DRY principle is often applied in many different ways in a codebase, including:

Avoiding duplication of code by refactoring similar code into reusable functions or modules.
Creating abstraction layers to separate different concerns in the code, making it easier to maintain and change.
Using variables or constants to store information that is used in multiple places, rather than hardcoding it.
By following the DRY principle, developers can write more concise and maintainable code, reduce the risk of bugs, and make it easier to change and extend their codebase over time.

- The Official DRY Website: https://dry.works

- The Pragmatic Programmer by Andrew Hunt and David Thomas: This book provides a comprehensive overview of software development best practices, including a section on the DRY principle.

- DRY Code on Wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don't_repeat_yourself

- Martin Fowler's Blog: https://martinfowler.com/bliki/Don'tRepeatYourself.html

- Stack Overflow: https://stackoverflow.com - Stack Overflow is a Q&A site for software developers and you can find many questions and answers related to the DRY principle and how it can be applied in specific programming languages and frameworks.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IGH4-ZhfVDk

BASIC is an interpreted high-level programming language that was first developed in the mid-1960s. It was designed to be easy to learn and use, making it one of the most popular programming languages for beginners. The acronym BASIC stands for Beginner's All-purpose Symbolic Instruction Code.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=seM9SqTsRG4

Beginner's All-purpose Symbolic Instruction Code

PHP is a server-side scripting language that is used to create dynamic and interactive websites. It was created in 1994 by Rasmus Lerdorf and has since become one of the most popular programming languages used to develop web applications.

Personal Home Page, or PHP, is a reference to the language's original purpose of being used to create personal home pages. However, as the language has evolved and its capabilities have expanded, it is now commonly used for developing complex web applications, e-commerce sites, content management systems, and more.

PHP code is executed on the server and the result is sent to the user's web browser as HTML, CSS, and JavaScript. This allows for dynamic and interactive content to be displayed on a website without the need for manual updates.

Overall, PHP is a powerful and flexible language that is essential for creating dynamic websites and web applications.

- Official PHP website - https://www.php.net/
- PHP manual - https://secure.php.net/manual/en/index.php
- W3Schools PHP tutorials - https://www.w3schools.com/php/
- Udemy PHP courses - https://www.udemy.com/topic/php/
- Codecademy PHP course - https://www.codecademy.com/learn/learn-php
- PHP The Right Way - http://www.phptherightway.com/
- Tutsplus PHP tutorials - https://code.tutsplus.com/categories/php
- YouTube PHP tutorials - https://www.youtube.com/results?search_query=php+tutorial
- Laracasts PHP tutorials - https://laracasts.com/series/php-for-beginners
- PHP Freaks forum - https://www.phpfreaks.com/
- Stack Overflow PHP questions and answers - https://stackoverflow.com/questions/tagged/php.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BUCiSSyIGGU

An integrated development environment (IDE) is a software application that provides comprehensive facilities to software developers for software development. It integrates all the necessary tools and resources into a single platform, making it easier for developers to write, debug, and test software code. Some of the features that an IDE may provide include source code editors, compilers, debuggers, code completion, syntax highlighting, code generation, project management, and version control. IDEs are commonly used for various programming languages such as Java, C++, Python, and others.

Here is a list of some popular Integrated Development Environments (IDEs) that you can use for different programming languages:

- Visual Studio Code (VSCode) - a free and open-source IDE that supports a wide variety of programming languages including, but not limited to, Java, Python, C++, and JavaScript. It can be downloaded from https://code.visualstudio.com/

- PyCharm - a Python IDE developed by JetBrains. It offers features such as code completion, error highlighting, and debugging. It can be downloaded from https://www.jetbrains.com/pycharm/

- Eclipse - a Java IDE that supports a wide variety of programming languages and is open-source. It can be downloaded from https://www.eclipse.org/downloads/

- IntelliJ IDEA - a Java IDE developed by JetBrains that offers advanced features such as code refactoring and intelligent code completion. It can be downloaded from https://www.jetbrains.com/idea/

- Xcode - the official IDE for Apple's MacOS and iOS operating systems, used for development in Swift and Objective-C. It can be downloaded from https://developer.apple.com/xcode/

- Visual Studio - a Microsoft product that supports a wide variety of programming languages including C++, C#, and Python. It can be downloaded from https://visualstudio.microsoft.com/

This is by no means an exhaustive list, but these are some of the most popular and widely used IDEs for different programming languages.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GID5Ul44-kE

"YAGNI" is an acronym that stands for "You Aren't Gonna Need It," and it's a principle in software development that encourages developers to resist the urge to add features or write code that is not immediately necessary. The idea is to focus on delivering the minimum viable product (MVP) and avoiding unnecessary complexity and bloat. By doing this, the codebase remains lean and easier to maintain, and it helps the development team deliver a working product more quickly. The YAGNI principle is often associated with Agile software development methodologies, where the focus is on delivering value to the customer as soon as possible.

https://martinfowler.com/bliki/Yagni.html

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zHSbMe15c2Q

The Single Level of Abstraction Principle (SLAP) is a software design principle that states that each module or function should only have one level of abstraction. In other words, each module or function should perform only one task and perform it well. This makes the code easier to understand, maintain, and test, as each module or function can be isolated and tested in isolation.

By keeping the level of abstraction consistent within a module or function, developers can avoid the confusion that can arise from having too many abstractions in a single module or function. This leads to clearer, more maintainable code that is easier to understand and modify. Additionally, SLAP makes it easier to identify and isolate bugs and performance issues, as well as to add new functionality.

In summary, SLAP helps to ensure that software is well-organized, easy to understand, and maintainable, and that it meets the needs of the stakeholders.

https://hackernoon.com/object-oriented-tricks-6-slap-your-functions-a13d25a7d994

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gPy8DLQxFfk

The Single Responsibility Principle (SRP) is a software design principle that states that every module or class should have only one reason to change, meaning that it should have only one job or responsibility.

This principle is one of the five principles of SOLID, a set of design principles for writing maintainable and scalable software. The SRP helps to reduce the complexity of software systems and make them easier to understand, test, and modify. When a module or class has multiple responsibilities, changes to one part of the module may affect other parts, leading to unintended consequences. By following SRP, you can ensure that changes to a single part of the system have minimal impact on the rest of the system.

For example, consider a class that calculates the total price of an order and also logs the order to a file. According to the SRP, this class should be split into two separate classes: one for calculating the total price and one for logging the order. This makes the system easier to maintain and modify, as changes to the logging functionality do not affect the calculation of the total price and vice versa.

http://principles-wiki.net/principles:single_responsibility_principle

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=L2m-S0Pj_Xk

The Open-Closed Principle (OCP) is a principle of software design that states that a module or class should be open for extension but closed for modification. In other words, the design of a class or module should allow adding new functionality without changing its existing code.

The idea behind OCP is to make the software more flexible, maintainable, and scalable by reducing the risk of unintended side effects from changing existing code. To achieve this, the software should be designed in a way that new functionality can be added through inheritance, composition, or other forms of extension, rather than changing the existing code.

For example, if you have a class that represents a basic shape, you could add new shapes by creating new classes that inherit from the original shape class, rather than changing the code of the original class. This way, you can add new shapes without affecting the existing code, and the original class remains closed for modification.

OCP is one of the five SOLID principles of object-oriented software design, which provide a set of guidelines for designing software that is easy to maintain, test, and extend.

http://principles-wiki.net/principles:open-closed_principle

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ryhy7333mqQ

The Liskov Substitution Principle (LSP) is one of the five principles of object-oriented programming known as SOLID principles. It states that objects of a superclass should be able to be replaced with objects of a subclass without affecting the correctness of the program.

In other words, if a program is using a base class, it should be able to use any of its subclasses without knowing it, and the behavior should remain the same. The subclasses should be interchangeable with their base class and preserve the contract defined by the base class.

The LSP helps ensure that subclasses are properly derived from their base classes and that they behave in a way that is consistent with their base class. By following the LSP, developers can create flexible and scalable systems that are easier to maintain and extend over time.

http://principles-wiki.net/principles:liskov_substitution_principle

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dJQMqNOC4Pc

The Interface Segregation Principle (ISP) is a principle of object-oriented programming that states that clients should not be forced to depend on interfaces they do not use. It is one of the SOLID principles of software design.

The idea behind ISP is to ensure that each class provides a specific, well-defined set of methods and not a large, general-purpose interface. This helps to prevent the implementation of unnecessary or irrelevant methods and improves the flexibility and maintainability of the code.

For example, consider a class that represents a shape. A basic interface for this class might include methods such as "getArea" and "getPerimeter". However, not all shapes have a perimeter (e.g. a circle), so a separate interface for "Circle" could be created that only includes the "getArea" method. This way, the client code that only needs to calculate the area of a circle will not have to deal with the concept of a perimeter, which is not applicable.

By adhering to the ISP, developers can create more modular, flexible, and scalable code that is easier to maintain over time.

http://principles-wiki.net/principles:interface_segregation_principle

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JVWZR23B_iE

The Dependency Inversion Principle (DIP) is one of the five principles of object-oriented programming and design, as described in Robert C. Martin's book, "Agile Software Development, Principles, Patterns, and Practices." The principle states that:

"High-level modules should not depend on low-level modules. Both should depend on abstractions."

The main idea behind this principle is to decouple the various components of a system, so that they can be developed and maintained independently. This makes it easier to change the implementation of a low-level component without affecting the high-level component, and vice versa. To achieve this, abstractions should be defined that define the interface between the components, and both high-level and low-level components should depend on these abstractions rather than on each other.

The DIP is important for creating loosely coupled systems, which are easier to maintain, extend, and test. By following the DIP, developers can write more flexible and scalable software systems, and reduce the risk of unexpected behavior or side effects when making changes to the code.

http://principles-wiki.net/principles:dependency_inversion_principle

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9oHY5TllWaU

"Bash" stands for "Bourne Again Shell". It's a Unix shell, which is a command-line interface for interacting with an operating system. Bash is widely used as the default shell on many Linux distributions, as well as macOS. It provides a number of built-in commands and allows users to combine those commands in various ways to automate tasks and perform complex operations. Additionally, Bash also supports scripting, which enables users to write scripts that automate tasks and execute a series of commands in sequence.

https://www.techtarget.com/searchdatacenter/definition/bash-Bourne-Again-Shell

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=I4EWvMFj37g

Node Version Manager (nvm) is a tool for managing multiple active Node.js versions on a single system. It allows you to install, switch between, and manage different versions of Node.js and its associated packages on a per-user basis, without interfering with the system-wide installation of Node.js. This makes it a useful tool for developers who need to work with different projects that require different versions of Node.js.

With nvm, you can easily switch between different Node.js versions as needed, without having to worry about affecting other projects. You can also use nvm to install new versions of Node.js and keep your existing versions up to date.

Overall, nvm is a handy tool for developers who need to manage multiple Node.js versions on a single system.

https://github.com/nvm-sh/nvm

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ohBFbA0O6hs

Newbie, newb, noob, noobie, n00b or nub is a slang term for a novice or newcomer, or somebody inexperienced in a profession or activity. Contemporary use can particularly refer to a beginner or new user of computers, often concerning Internet activity, such as online gaming or Linux use.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newbie

PIP stands for "Pip Installs Packages" and it's a package manager for Python programming language that allows you to install and manage libraries and modules easily and efficiently. With PIP, you can install various packages from the Python Package Index (PyPI) by simply running a single command in your terminal or command prompt. This makes it a lot easier to add new functionality to your projects, and also helps manage dependencies between packages.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pip_(package_manager)

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SrX5yo4KKGM

MERN is a popular technology stack that is used for building full-stack web applications.

- MongoDB: It is a document-oriented NoSQL database that is used to store the data of your application. It's known for its flexibility, scalability, and ease of use.

- Express: Express is a minimal and flexible Node.js web application framework that provides a robust set of features for web and mobile applications. It is used to build the server-side of the application.

- React: React is a JavaScript library for building user interfaces. It's used to build the client-side of the application and manage the data flow between the components.

- Node: Node.js is a cross-platform, open-source runtime environment that is used to execute JavaScript code on the server-side. Node provides an easy way to build scalable and fast server-side applications.

The MERN stack offers a modern and efficient way of building full-stack web applications and has been gaining popularity among developers due to its simplicity and flexibility.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MEAN_(solution_stack)

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7CqJlxBYj-M

JSON (JavaScript Object Notation) is a lightweight data-interchange format that is easy for humans to read and write, and easy for machines to parse and generate. It is based on a subset of the JavaScript programming language and is often used to transmit data between a server and a web application, or between different parts of a web application.

A JSON object is an unordered collection of key-value pairs, where the keys are strings and the values can be any valid JSON data type (such as strings, numbers, objects, arrays, Boolean values, or null). Here's an example of a simple JSON object:

json
```
{
  "name": "John Doe",
  "age": 30,
  "isEmployed": true,
  "hobbies": ["reading", "traveling", "hiking"]
}
```

JSON is widely supported by many programming languages, including JavaScript, Python, Ruby, Java, and C#, making it a popular choice for exchanging data between systems.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSON

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sJYvLp-0I1o

SASS stands for Syntactically Awesome Style Sheets, and it is a CSS preprocessor. It extends the capabilities of CSS with variables, mixins, nested rules, functions, and more. These added features allow developers to write more organized and reusable code, which makes styling a website much easier and more efficient. SASS code is compiled into regular CSS code that can be interpreted by browsers, making it a highly useful tool for front-end web development.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sass_(stylesheet_language)

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=akDIJa0AP5c

SCSS stands for Sassy CSS (Sass CSS), which is a scripting language that is interpreted into Cascading Style Sheets (CSS). It's a CSS preprocessor that extends the CSS language, adding features such as variables, nesting, mixins, and functions, which make it easier and more efficient to style web content. With SCSS, developers can write styles more efficiently and manage large stylesheets more effectively. The syntax of SCSS is similar to CSS, but with the added features, it's easier to read, write, and maintain. SCSS code is then compiled into CSS code, which can be interpreted by web browsers.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=akDIJa0AP5c

The European Computer Manufacturers Association (ECMA) is an industry association founded in 1961 to promote computing and communication technology in Europe. It was established to promote cooperation and standardization in the computer industry and has since expanded its scope to cover other areas of information technology. ECMA works on developing and promoting standards for a wide range of products and technologies, including programming languages, data interchange formats, and information security. Some of the well-known standards developed by ECMA include ECMAScript (a scripting language widely used for creating web-based applications), Compact Disc (CD) and Digital Versatile Disc (DVD) standards, and High-level Architecture (HLA) for computer simulation.

https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Glossary/ECMA

European Computer Manufacturers Association

(LIFO) last in first out